MySQL备份工具

常用的 MySQL 备份工具

• 物理备份缺点– 跨平台性差– 备份时间长、冗余备份、浪费存储空间• mysqldump 备份缺点– 效率较低，备份和还原速度慢– 备份过程中，数据插入和更新操作会被挂起XtraBackup 工具• 一款强大的在线热备份工具– 备份过程中不锁库表，适合生产环境– 由专业组织 Percona 提供（改进 MySQL 分支）• 主要含两个组件– xtrabackup ： C 程序，支持 InnoDB/XtraDB– innobackupex ：以 Perl 脚本封装 xtrabackup ，还支持 MyISAM步骤一：安装XtraBackup软件包1）了解软件包描述信息

[root@dbsvr1 pub]# rpm -qpi percona-xtrabackup-24-2.4.6-2.el7.x86_64.rpmName        : percona-xtrabackup-24Version     : 2.4.6Release     : 2.el7Architecture: x86_64Install Date: (not installed)Group       : Applications/DatabasesSize        : 32416340License     : GPLv2Signature   : DSA/SHA1, 2017年02月27日 星期一 20时28分17秒, Key ID 1c4cbdcdcd2efd2aSource RPM  : percona-xtrabackup-24-2.4.6-2.el7.src.rpmBuild Date  : 2017年02月27日 星期一 20时27分21秒Build Host  : vps-centos7-x64-01.ci.percona.comRelocations : (not relocatable)URL         : http://www.percona.com/software/percona-xtrabackupSummary     : XtraBackup online backup for MySQL / InnoDBDescription :Percona XtraBackup is OpenSource online (non-blockable) backup solution for InnoDB and XtraDB engines

2）安装依赖包perl-DBD-MySQL perl-Digest-MD5 libev

使用RHEL 7自带的即可，yum方式安装：`[root@dbsvr1 pub]# yum -y install perl-DBD-MySQL perl-Digest-MD5libev使用网上找的rpm包 libev-4.15-1.el6.rf.x86.rpm[root@dbsvr1 pub]#rpm –ivh libev-4.15-1.el6.rf.x86_64.rpm``

如果未安装这些依赖包，则直接安装percona-xtrabackup时会报错：3）安装percona-xtrabackup

[root@dbsvr1 pub]#rpm -ivh percona-xtrabackup-*.rpm

警告：percona-xtrabackup-24-2.4.6-2.el7.x86_64.rpm: 头V4 DSA/SHA1 Signature, 密钥 ID cd2efd2a: NOKEY准备中... ################################# [100%]正在升级/安装...1:percona-xtrabackup-24-2.4.6-2.el7################################# [ 33%]2:percona-xtrabackup-test-24-2.4.6-################################# [ 67%]3:percona-xtrabackup-24-debuginfo-2################################# [100%]

4）确认安装的主要程序/脚本

[root@dbsvr1 pub]# rpm -ql percona-xtrabackup-24-2.4.6-2.el7.x86_64

/usr/bin/innobackupex/usr/bin/xbcloud/usr/bin/xbcloud_osenv/usr/bin/xbcrypt/usr/bin/xbstream/usr/bin/xtrabackup/usr/share/doc/percona-xtrabackup-24-2.4.6/usr/share/doc/percona-xtrabackup-24-2.4.6/COPYING/usr/share/man/man1/innobackupex.1.gz/usr/share/man/man1/xbcrypt.1.gz/usr/share/man/man1/xbstream.1.gz/usr/share/man/man1/xtrabackup.1.gz`步骤二：innobackupex完整备份、增量备份操作

--host 主机名

--port 3306

--user 用户名

--password 密码

--databases="库名"

--databases="库1 库2"

--databases="库.表"

--no-timestamp 不用日期命名备份文件存储的子目录，使用备份的数据库名做备份目录名

--no-timestmap 不使用日期命名备份目录名``

1）做一个完整备份

默认情况下，备份文件存储的子目录会用日期命名，

innobackupex作为客户端工具，以mysql协议连入mysqld，将数据备份到/backup文件夹

[root@dbsvr1 ~]# innobackupex --user=root --password=1234567 /backup/mysql –no-timestamp170425 11:05:44 innobackupex: Starting the backup operationIMPORTANT: Please check that the backup run completes successfully.           At the end of a successful backup run innobackupex           prints "completed OK!".Unrecognized character \x01; marked by <-- HERE after <-- HERE near column 1 at - line 1374.170425 11:05:45 Connecting to MySQL server host: localhost, user: root, password: set, port: not set, socket: not setUsing server version 5.7.17innobackupex version 2.4.6 based on MySQL server 5.7.13 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 8ec05b7)xtrabackup: uses posix_fadvise().xtrabackup: cd to /var/lib/mysqlxtrabackup: open files limit requested 0, set to 1024xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration:xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = .xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:12M:autoextendxtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = ./xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 2xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 50331648InnoDB: Number of pools: 1170425 11:05:45 >> log scanned up to (2543893)xtrabackup: Generating a list of tablespacesInnoDB: Allocated tablespace ID 2 for mysql/plugin, old maximum was 0170425 11:05:45 [01] Copying ./ibdata1 to /backup/ibdata1170425 11:05:45 [01]        ...done170425 11:05:46 [01] Copying ./mysql/plugin.ibd to /backup/mysql/plugin.ibd170425 11:05:46 [01]        ...done170425 11:05:46 [01] Copying ./mysql/servers.ibd to /backup/mysql/servers.ibd170425 11:05:46 [01]        ...done170425 11:05:46 [01] Copying ./mysql/help_topic.ibd to /backup/mysql/help_topic.ibd170425 11:05:46 [01]        ...done170425 11:05:46 >> log scanned up to (2543893).. ..170425 11:06:00 [01] Copying ./sys/x@0024waits_global_by_latency.frm to /backup/sys/x@0024waits_global_by_latency.frm170425 11:06:00 [01]        ...done170425 11:06:00 [01] Copying ./sys/session_ssl_status.frm to /backup/sys/session_ssl_status.frm170425 11:06:00 [01]        ...done170425 11:06:00 [01] Copying ./db1/db.opt to /backup/db1/db.opt170425 11:06:00 [01]        ...done170425 11:06:00 [01] Copying ./db1/tb1.frm to /backup/db1/tb1.frm170425 11:06:00 [01]        ...done170425 11:06:00 Finished backing up non-InnoDB tables and files170425 11:06:00 Executing FLUSH NO_WRITE_TO_BINLOG ENGINE LOGS...xtrabackup: The latest check point (for incremental): '2543884'xtrabackup: Stopping log copying thread..170425 11:06:00 >> log scanned up to (2543893)170425 11:06:00 Executing UNLOCK TABLES170425 11:06:00 All tables unlocked170425 11:06:00 [00] Copying ib_buffer_pool to /backup/ib_buffer_pool170425 11:06:00 [00]        ...done170425 11:06:00 Backup created in directory '/backup/'170425 11:06:00 [00] Writing backup-my.cnf170425 11:06:00 [00]        ...done170425 11:06:00 [00] Writing xtrabackup_info170425 11:06:00 [00]        ...donextrabackup: Transaction log of lsn (2543884) to (2543893) was copied.170425 11:06:01 completed OK

确认备份好的文件数据

[root@dbsvr1 ~]#ls /backup/backup-my.cnf  ib_buffer_pool  mysql      sys                   xtrabackup_infodb1  ibdata1      performance_schema  xtrabackup_checkpoints  xtrabackup_logfile

2）做一个增量备份（基于前一步的完整备份）

随意做一些新增或更改库表的操作，比如在db1库中新建一个mytb的表：

mysql> USE db1;Database changedmysql> CREATE TABLE mytb(id int(4), name varchar(24));Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.38 sec)mysql> INSERT INTO tb1 VALUES    -> (1,'bon'),    -> (2,'bo'),Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.12 sec)Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0mysql> SELECT * FROM tb1;+------+------+| id   | name |+------+------+|    1 | bob  ||    2 | bo   |+------+------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

以前一次保存到/backup的完整备份为基础，做一个增量备份，保存到/incr01/，指定增量备份参照的基本目录（完整备份目录）需要用到选项--incremental-basedir。相关操作如下

[root@dbsvr1 ~]# innobackupex  --user=root --password=12345678 --incremental /incr01 --incremental-basedir=/backup/ --no-timestamp170425 11:30:14 innobackupex: Starting the backup operationIMPORTANT: Please check that the backup run completes successfully.           At the end of a successful backup run innobackupex           prints "completed OK!".Unrecognized character \x01; marked by <-- HERE after <-- HERE near column 1 at - line 1374.170425 11:30:14 Connecting to MySQL server host: localhost, user: root, password: set, port: not set, socket: not setUsing server version 5.7.17innobackupex version 2.4.6 based on MySQL server 5.7.13 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 8ec05b7)incremental backup from 2543884 is enabled.xtrabackup: uses posix_fadvise().xtrabackup: cd to /var/lib/mysqlxtrabackup: open files limit requested 0, set to 1024xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration:xtrabackup:   innodb_data_home_dir = .xtrabackup:   innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:12M:autoextendxtrabackup:   innodb_log_group_home_dir = ./xtrabackup:   innodb_log_files_in_group = 2xtrabackup:   innodb_log_file_size = 50331648InnoDB: Number of pools: 1170425 11:30:14 >> log scanned up to (2549933)xtrabackup: Generating a list of tablespacesInnoDB: Allocated tablespace ID 2 for mysql/plugin, old maximum was 0xtrabackup: using the full scan for incremental backup170425 11:30:15 [01] Copying ./ibdata1 to /incr01/ibdata1.delta170425 11:30:15 [01]        ...done170425 11:30:15 >> log scanned up to (2549933)170425 11:30:15 [01] Copying ./mysql/plugin.ibd to /incr01/mysql/plugin.ibd.delta170425 11:30:15 [01]        ...done... ...170425 11:30:35 Executing UNLOCK TABLES170425 11:30:35 All tables unlocked170425 11:30:35 [00] Copying ib_buffer_pool to /incr01/ib_buffer_pool170425 11:30:35 [00]        ...done170425 11:30:35 Backup created in directory '/incr01/'170425 11:30:35 [00] Writing backup-my.cnf170425 11:30:35 [00]        ...done170425 11:30:35 [00] Writing xtrabackup_info170425 11:30:35 [00]        ...donextrabackup: Transaction log of lsn (2549924) to (2549933) was copied.170425 11:30:35 completed OK!

确认备份好的文件数据：

[root@dbsvr1 ~]# ls /incr01/backup-my.cnf ib_buffer_pool ibdata1.meta performance_schema xtrabackup_checkpoints xtrabackup_logfiledb1 ibdata1.delta mysql sys 对比完整备份、增量备份的大小：

[root@dbsvr1 ~]# du -sh /backup/ /incr01/142M    /backup/                              //完整备份的大小3.5M    /incr01/    ```                          //增量备份的大小步骤三：恢复数据通过XtraBackup工具备份的数据库目录，若要恢复到另一个MySQL服务器，需要先做一个“--apply-log --redo-only ”的准备操作。1）准备恢复“完整备份”完成准备以后，最终/backup可用来重建MySQL服务器。这种情况下，需要先做一个“--apply-log --redo-only ”的准备操作，以确保数据一致性：

[root@dbsvr1 ~]#innobackupex --user=root --password=12345678 --apply-log --redo-only /backup/

170425 11:42:19 innobackupex: Starting the apply-log operationIMPORTANT: Please check that the apply-log run completes successfully.At the end of a successful apply-log run innobackupexprints "completed OK!".innobackupex version 2.4.6 based on MySQL server 5.7.13 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 8ec05b7)xtrabackup: cd to /backup/xtrabackup: This target seems to be already prepared.InnoDB: Number of pools: 1xtrabackup: notice: xtrabackup_logfile was already used to '--prepare'.xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration for recovery:xtrabackup: innodb_data_home_dir = .xtrabackup: innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:12M:autoextendxtrabackup: innodb_log_group_home_dir = .xtrabackup: innodb_log_files_in_group = 2xtrabackup: innodb_log_file_size = 50331648xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration for recovery:xtrabackup: innodb_data_home_dir = .xtrabackup: innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:12M:autoextendxtrabackup: innodb_log_group_home_dir = .xtrabackup: innodb_log_files_in_group = 2xtrabackup: innodb_log_file_size = 50331648xtrabackup: Starting InnoDB instance for recovery.xtrabackup: Using 104857600 bytes for buffer pool (set by --use-memory parameter)InnoDB: PUNCH HOLE support availableInnoDB: Mutexes and rw_locks use GCC atomic builtinsInnoDB: Uses event mutexesInnoDB: GCC builtin __atomic_thread_fence() is used for memory barrierInnoDB: Compressed tables use zlib 1.2.7InnoDB: Number of pools: 1InnoDB: Not using CPU crc32 instructionsInnoDB: Initializing buffer pool, total size = 100M, instances = 1, chunk size = 100MInnoDB: Completed initialization of buffer poolInnoDB: page_cleaner coordinator priority: -20InnoDB: Highest supported file format is Barracuda.xtrabackup: starting shutdown with innodb_fast_shutdown = 1InnoDB: Starting shutdown...InnoDB: Shutdown completed; log sequence number 2544177InnoDB: Number of pools: 1170425 11:42:20 completed OK!

准备恢复“增量备份”

[root@dbsvr1 ~]#innobackupex --user=root --password=12345678 --apply-log --redo-only /backup/ --incremental-dir=/incr01

170425 11:42:55 innobackupex: Starting the apply-log operationIMPORTANT: Please check that the apply-log run completes successfully.At the end of a successful apply-log run innobackupexprints "completed OK!".innobackupex version 2.4.6 based on MySQL server 5.7.13 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: 8ec05b7)incremental backup from 2543884 is enabled.xtrabackup: cd to /backup/xtrabackup: This target seems to be already prepared with --apply-log-only.InnoDB: Number of pools: 1xtrabackup: xtrabackup_logfile detected: size=8388608, start_lsn=(2549924)xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration for recovery:xtrabackup: innodb_data_home_dir = .xtrabackup: innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:12M:autoextendxtrabackup: innodb_log_group_home_dir = /incr01/xtrabackup: innodb_log_files_in_group = 1xtrabackup: innodb_log_file_size = 8388608xtrabackup: Generating a list of tablespacesInnoDB: Allocated tablespace ID 2 for mysql/plugin, old maximum was 0xtrabackup: page size for /incr01//ibdata1.delta is 16384 bytesApplying /incr01//ibdata1.delta to ./ibdata1...... ...170425 11:43:09 [01] Copying /incr01/performance_schema/global_status.frm to ./performance_schema/global_status.frm170425 11:43:09 [01] ...done170425 11:43:09 [01] Copying /incr01/performance_schema/session_status.frm to ./performance_schema/session_status.frm170425 11:43:09 [01] ...done170425 11:43:09 [00] Copying /incr01//xtrabackup_info to ./xtrabackup_info170425 11:43:09 [00] ...done170425 11:43:10 completed OK!

2）关闭mysql服务，并将/var/lib/mysql/下的文件删除，假设数据被删除。[root@dbsvr1 ~]#systemctl  stop  mysqld[root@dbsvr1 ~]#rm -rf /var/lib/mysql3）恢复“完整备份+增量备份”完成准备以后，最终仍然是/backup用来重建MySQL服务器，但这种情况下需提前合并相关增量备份的数据

[root@dbsvr1 ~]# innobackupex --user=root --password=12345678 --copy-back /backup/

... ...170425 11:51:39 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/global_status.frm to /var/lib/mysql/performance_schema/glo.frm170425 11:51:39 [01] ...done170425 11:51:39 [01] Copying ./performance_schema/session_status.frm to /var/lib/mysql/performance_schema/seus.frm170425 11:51:39 [01] ...done170425 11:51:39 [01] Copying ./ib_buffer_pool to /var/lib/mysql/ib_buffer_pool170425 11:51:39 [01] ...done170425 11:51:39 [01] Copying ./ibtmp1 to /var/lib/mysql/ibtmp1170425 11:51:39 [01] ...done170425 11:51:39 [01] Copying ./xtrabackup_info to /var/lib/mysql/xtrabackup_info170425 11:51:39 [01] ...done170425 11:51:39 completed OK!

4）修改/var/lib/mysql/下文件属主与属组,查看数据：恢复后，/var/lib/mysql下文件属组与属主皆为root，需要更改为mysql

root@dbsvr1 ~]#chown -R mysql:mysql /var/lib/mysql

[root@dbsvr1 ~]#systemctl start mysqld.service [root@dbsvr1 ~]#mysql -uroot -p12345678 -e "select * from db1.tb1"mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.+------+------+| id | name |+------+------+| 1 | bob || 2 | bo |+------+------+